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  • Pyramid Printworks ๐“ž

    pyramidprintworks

    Egyptology Nerd. World Traveler. Animal lover. Creator of Personalized Cartouche Shirts @ 1991. Custom apparel & accessories:

    Rodents have been a concern to humans since the be Rodents have been a concern to humans since the beginning of history. Rats and Mice ๐“Šช๐“ˆ–๐“Œ๐“…ฑ๐“„›๐“ช โ€œpnwโ€ were a serious concern in Ancient Egypt, as they ran rampant in fields, grain storage, and homes, causing major damage to buildings, eating valuable food, carrying disease, and are just generally nasty.

This ostracon from the area near Thebes shows a cat ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“…ฑ๐“ƒ  โ€œmฤฑอ—wโ€ fanning and serving a mouse (or rat) food and wine while the rodent, dressed in fine linen, and sitting on a folding stool, sniffs a flower. Rodents are very persistent and clever creatures, and this parody drawing is clearly an indication that the mice were often perceived as the winners in the battle! Living in the desert, in proximity to wildlife, thereโ€™s a risk they may decide your house is a better home than under a rock... but that doesnโ€™t mean they get to stay! We currently have some rodents trying to get into our house from underneath the deck, so, just like the Ancients did, we are using various (non-toxic) methods to remove them and keep them from getting back in. No lotus blossom dinner parties here!

Ancient Egyptian pest control:

Photo 2: Rat trap with trap door, at the Petrie Museum in London (UC16773). Approx. 4000 years-old, fired pottery, broken, excavated at the town rubbish dump at ancient Kahun in 1889/90. During excavations of buildings at Kahun, Egyptologist W.M.F. Petrie observed that โ€˜nearly every room has its corners tunnelled by the rats; and the holes are stuffed up with stones and rubbish to keep them backโ€™. (Photo Petrie Museum)

Photo 3: Replica clap-bow trap made by Shawn Woods based on a trap pictured in the tomb of Khety at Beni Hasan, (2125โ€“1985 BC) and demonstrated on his YouTube channel. #mousetrapmonday (Photo Shawn Woods)

Photo 1: Limestone Ostracon, 19th/20th Dynasty ca. 1275-1075 BC, Photo: Brooklyn Museum.

#ancientegypt #mice #egypt #rats #ancientegyptian #rodents #egyptology #pestcontrol #catandmouse #hieroglyphics #archaeology #rattrap #mousetrap #brooklynmuseum #petriemuseum #egyptologist #egypte #agypten #hieroglyphs #egitto #ancientart #egyptianart #arthistory #historynerd
    Nefertiti ๐“„ค๐“‡๐“๐“ญ๐“ - the famous Queen Nefertiti ๐“„ค๐“‡๐“๐“ญ๐“ - the famous Queen about whom there has been much discussion, research and speculation.  As wife of Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– she was often depicted in scenes as equal in stature to her husband the King, wearing dress & crowns usually reserved for the Pharaoh, and engaging in kingly activities - leading some scholars to believe that she was at some point co-regent and possibly becoming full Pharaoh as Neferneferuaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค after the death of Akhenaten.  Other Egyptologists, notably including Zahi Hawass, believe that she ruled after Akhenaten as the masculine SmenkhKaRe DjeserKheperu ๐“‡ณ๐“‹ด๐“Š๐“‚“๐“‚ฆ๐“†ฃ๐“ฅ.

The artistic style of the Amarna period depicted the royals, both men and women, with elongated head and neck, delicately expressive hands & features, and a rounded body shape with pronounced belly, hips, and breasts, which contributes to the ambiguity of the succession.  Did Nefertiti take over the throne as Pharaoh upon Akhenatenโ€™s death? Did another King come to power and force her out? Or was she already dead before her husband, or soon after, leaving the throne to be claimed by another?  Studies are ongoingโ€ฆ and we may never know!

Nevertheless, her life and legacy is one that fascinates and intrigues scholars and the public.  Since the Ancient Egyptian belief held that continuation of ones name and image ensured immortality, she is undoubtedly one of the most successful historical figures of all time.  ๐“™๐“‹น๐“†–๐“Ž›๐“‡ณ๐“Ž›

Unfinished limestone head of Nefertiti c1360-1350 BC.  Eighteenth Dynasty, found in 1920 in the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose at Akhetaten, Amarna, and now on display at the @staatlichemuseenzuberlin in the room adjacent to the famous painted bust with we the world is familiar.  Photos by me @pyramidprintworks ๐“ž on a visit to the Neues Museum in Berlin.

#nefertiti #pharaoh #queen #egyptology #ancientegypt #egypt #akhenaten #king #amarna #egyptologist #neuesmuseum #egypte #egitto #รคgypten #egipto #succession #hieroglyphics #ancientart #ancientegyptian #hieroglyphs #egyptianart #artistatwork #historynerd #arthistory #historygram #archaeology #egyptianhistory
    Happy Caturday! The Egyptians loved and honored th Happy Caturday! The Egyptians loved and honored their cats and we do too! Cats ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“…ฑ๐“ƒ  โ€œmฤฑอ—wโ€ were kept in homes, temples, and palaces for their ability to catch mice, birds & snakes, as beloved pets, and were honored as representatives of several goddesses including Bastet ๐“Žฏ๐“๐“๐“ & Sekhmet ๐“Œ‚๐“๐“๐“ด. Bastet, as a cat-headed diety, was a powerful protective goddess. She could also be represented with a lion head symbolizing her fierceness and warrior aspects, but as a cat-headed goddess she represented the peaceful traits of protection and nurturing motherhood, as with this cat and her kittens!

Over the course of Egyptian history, Bastetโ€™s influence grew and evolved, along with an increase in cat worship and mummification, reaching the peak of popularity in the Late Period. This amazing carved faience ring is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

The story, as told by the museum: โ€œThis ring depicts a cat and its kittens perched above a bound bundle of flowering papyrus designed to represent a marsh. In all likelihood, these elements symbolize the myth of the โ€˜Faraway Goddess,โ€™ a story in which a feline plays a prominent role as a deity that must be coaxed back to the Nile Valley after she flees into the Nubian desert. Her desertion disrupts the ancient Egyptian world of "maat" ๐“Œท๐“‚๐“๐“†„๐“œ๐“ช (the concept of harmony, truth, justice, and balance) and she must be brought back by a variety of personages so that Egypt returns to stability and order and prosperity.โ€

Faience ring, Ramesside or Third Intermediate Period ca. 1295โ€“664 B.C. Elaborately carved faience rings are common during this period, when craftsmen had achieved mastery of the medium of faience; and this one is a superb example. Such rings were most likely created to celebrate various festivals held in honor of the deities depicted on the rings. (Photo credit & description of the ring itself: Met Museum, background details & hieroglyphic transliterations mine)

#happycaturday #catloversofinstagram #ancientegypt #egypt #egyptology #faience #ancientegyptian #egyptian #metmuseum #themet #archaeology #fashionhistory #catpower #hieroglyphics #egyptianjewelry #meowgram
    Cartouche of Ramesses II throne name (๐“‡ณ๐“„Š๐“ง Cartouche of Ramesses II throne name (๐“‡ณ๐“„Š๐“ง๐“Šƒ) wsr-m3หt-rห (User Maโ€™at Re) โ€œThe Justice of Ra is powerful.โ€ 

The principles of Maโ€™at ๐“Œท๐“‚๐“๐“†„๐“œ๐“ช include truth, honor, justice, balance and harmony.  As a core principle of religious and societal beliefs, the Egyptians were expected to live according to Maโ€™at. Inclusion in the afterlife was contingent upon being able to truthfully state before the gods with your heart on the scale of Justice that you had done no wrong or unjust acts during your life. The so-called โ€œNegative Confessionโ€ includes statements such as โ€œI have not committed violence,โ€ โ€œI have not been a stirrer up of strife,โ€ โ€œI have not shut my ears to the words of truth,โ€ โ€œI have not caused hunger; I have not caused grief; I have not killed,โ€ โ€œI have not uttered lies,โ€ โ€œI have made none to weep,โ€ and โ€œI have wronged none, I have done no evil.โ€

The hieroglyph representing the goddess Maโ€™at, in her white Linen dress with broad collar, braided wig, headband diadem with Maโ€™at feather and an ankh on her knee, is done in the lovely detailed style classic to the royal tombs and temples of the 19th Dynasty.

Ramessesโ€™ full name includes Ramesses Mery-Amun (๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ˜๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“) Rโ€™-ms-sw-mry-Imn โ€œBorn of Re, beloved of Amun.โ€ There were many variations of his throne name over the 90 years of his life, the one most often seen being (๐“‡ณ๐“„Š๐“ง๐“Šƒ ๐“‡ณ๐“‰๐“ˆ–) wsr-m3หt-rห stp.n-rห (User Maโ€™at Re setep en Ra) โ€œThe Justice of Ra is powerful, Chosen of Ra.โ€ Carved & painted cartouches of Ramesses II from his temple at Abydos, Eastern wall of the "Clothing Room,โ€ ca. 1279โ€“1213 BC. Photo by KairoInfo4U with transliterations by me @pyramidprintworks ๐“ž

#maat #ramesses #cartouche #pharaoh #egyptian #egyptologist #ancientegyptian #hieroglyphs #goddess #egyptiangoddess #ankh #afterlife #egypte #egitto #egipto #รคgypten #ancientegypt #hieroglyphics #archaeology #ancientart #museumfromhome #bookofthedead #egyptology #kemet #historynerd
    Goddess Serket ๐“Šƒ๐“‚‹๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ with a scorpio Goddess Serket ๐“Šƒ๐“‚‹๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ with a scorpion on her head, one of several representations of this goddess in the tomb of Nefertari (๐“๐“…๐“„ค๐“‡‹๐“๐“‚‹๐“ญ๐“ˆ˜๐“) โ€œnfr-tฤฑอ—-rฤฑอ—-mrฤฑอ—.t-mwtโ€ โ€˜Beautiful Companion, Beloved of Mut.  Serket protected against stings and venom from the scorpions and snakes which were and are plentiful in the desert ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“๐“…Ÿ๐“ˆŠ โ€œdลกrtโ€ of Egypt, and here in Arizona where I live.โ€จ
Scorpions were often drawn or sculpted without the pincers and stingers as a magical ๐“Ž›๐“‚“๐“„ฟ๐“œ โ€œแธฅk3โ€ protective way to remove the arachnidโ€™s power, as seen here. ๐“†ซ The pincers on this scorpion are encircled with little ankh symbols ๐“‹น to further reduce the risk.โ€จโ€จSerket wears a red linen dress with wide straps, and either a bead net over-dress or painted/woven in a bead net pattern. She also wears a broad collar, bracelets and anklets, and her feet are bare as was traditional. She also wears a simple red headband tied in the back, because who needs a fancy crown when you have a giant scorpion on your head!

She is also one of the four goddesses protecting the canopic shrines of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun, replicas of which now stand at Cairo International Airport and others throughout the country, welcoming visitors to Egypt.

Serket (also called Sarket, Selket, or Serqet), paint on limestone, tomb QV66, 19th Dynasty ca. 1250 BC. Photo by KairoInfo4U. Second photo from the Ministry of Tourism & Antiquities.

#serket #egyptiangoddess #scorpion #egypt #egyptian #hieroglyphs #egyptology #nefertari #egyptianmythology #fashionhistory #linendress #reddress #ancientegypt #pyramidprintworks #ancientegyptian #egyptologist #desertlife #ancienthistory #egypte #egito #egipto #รคgypten #museumfromhome #historynerd #protective #tutankhamun #welcometoegypt
    The baby quail ๐“…ฑ is one of my favorite hierogly The baby quail ๐“…ฑ is one of my favorite hieroglyphs! This lovely painted example is from the lid of the outer coffin of Governor Djehutynakht ๐“†“๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“๐“ˆ–๐“†ฑ๐“๐“, a high ranking official of the late 11th Dynasty.  The fledgling quail is depicted with speckled brown and yellow fluffy feathers, tiny beak, and baby wings. Representing the semi-vowel sound U, W, or O. Like the baby quail in real life, these hieroglyphs are everywhere!

We have a new batch of baby quail ๐“…ณ๐“…ณ๐“…ณ in our yard! Our quail here are Gambelโ€™s Quail (Callipepla gambelii), considered to be โ€œNew World Quail,โ€ and are only distantly related to the quail of Ancient Egypt (Coturnix Coturnix) which are considered โ€œOld World Quail.โ€

Now that itโ€™s consistently in the 105-110F degree range, I have a water ๐“ˆ— โ€œmwโ€ station in the yard so they can drink and play in the water. The babies follow the parents around - Usually mama goes first, then the babies, then papa brings up the rear. As they get older, they venture a little father from the group, and sometimes, as in this video, that means papa has to round them back up and rejoin the family. Theyโ€™re so delightful to watch running around exploring their world!

The cedar coffins ๐“˜๐“‚‹๐“‹ด๐“ŒŸ๐“…ฑ๐“Šญ โ€œqrswโ€ of Governor and Lady Djehutynakht are some of the most spectacularly painted works ever discovered!  The level of detail and masterful use of color and shading are simply breathtaking!  Found at Deir el-Bersha in 1915 by the Harvard University-Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition, now on display at @mfaboston - photo by me @pyramidprintworks on a visit in 2019.

#hieroglyphs #ancientegypt #egypt #quail #babychicks #egyptology #ancientegyptian #egyptian #hieroglyphics #egypte #รคgypten #egito #egyptologist #mfaboston #pyramidprintworks #coffin #heatwave #desertlife #birdstagram #ancientart #wildlifelover #waterforwildlife #birdlife #birdsoftheworld #babybirds
    Maatkare Hatshepsut (๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“) (๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žธ๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“๐“ช) - a strong, powerful woman who declared herself King ๐“‰๐“‰ผ โ€œpr-ห3โ€œ and led her country in an era of prosperity, trade, and exploration like few others.

Her face and features are instantly recognizable, and she is usually shown with a slight, warm, benevolent smile and visionary gaze. Here she is depicted as the masculine incarnation of Kingship, wearing the traditional Pharoanic Nemes headcloth  ๐“Œฐ๐“ˆ–๐“…“๐“‹ด๐“‹ณ with uraeus ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†— โ€œฤฑอ—หrtโ€, false beard, and traditional tabbed kilt ๐“ˆœ๐“ˆ–๐“†“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹ฏ โ€œshendytโ€, kneeling with offerings to the father-god Amun-Ra ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“ค ฤฑอ—mn-rห.

After her death, her successor, nephew and co-ruler Thutmose III (๐“ ๐“†ฃ๐“‡ณ)(๐“…๐“„Ÿ๐“„ค๐“†ฃ๐“ซ) ordered the destruction of her statuary & images, and caused her name to be chiseled out of her temples and monuments. He tried - and failed - to erase her from history.

This statue, like many in the Met Collection, was reconstructed from pieces found near her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri.

Pink granite. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1479-1458 BC, excavated at Thebes in 1927-28 and now in Gallery 115 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Photo by me @pyramidprintworks on a visit to @metmuseum in 2018.

Transliterations:
Hatshepsut: (๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“) m3หt k3 rห Maatkare โ€œTruth is the Ka of Reโ€ (๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žธ๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช) ฤฑอ—mn-แบ–nmt แธฅ3.t-ลกps.wt Hatshepsut โ€œUnited with Amun, Foremost of Nobel Women.โ€
Thutmose III: (๐“ ๐“†ฃ๐“‡ณ) mn-แธซpr-rห MenkheperRe โ€œLasting Manifestation of Reโ€ (๐“…๐“„Ÿ๐“„ค๐“†ฃ๐“ซ) โ€œแธแธฅwty-ms-nfr-แธซprwโ€ Djehutymes NeferKheperu โ€œBorn of Thoth, Beautiful of Forms,โ€ 

King ๐“‰๐“‰ผ pr-ห3 โ€œGreat Houseโ€ = Pharaoh

#hatshepsut #pharaoh #egypt #egyptian #hieroglyphs #egyptology #history #themet #archaeology #ancientegypt #ancientegyptian #hieroglyphics #historynerd #womenshistory #visionary #egyptianhistory #รคgypten #egitto #egipto #egypte #metropolitanmuseumofart #pyramidprintworks #amun #offerings #powerfulwomen
    ๐“…ท๐“‹ฝ๐“ท๐“ค๐“‹€๐“‚๐“ˆ–๐“‡“ โ€œแนฏ3(.y)-แธซw ๐“…ท๐“‹ฝ๐“ท๐“ค๐“‹€๐“‚๐“ˆ–๐“‡“ โ€œแนฏ3(.y)-แธซw แธฅr wnmy n nswโ€ โ€œFan-bearer on the Right Side of the Kingโ€ is a title held by high officials with a close relationship to the Pharaoh. Among the many titles held by Men-Tekhenu ๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“‰ถ๐“ช โ€œmn tแธซnw, โ€œFan bearerโ€ was particularly auspicious and is commemorated by the prominence of the fan he holds in this statue.

Men-Tekhenu wears two thick heavy necklaces called โ€œThe Gold of Valorโ€๐“‹ž๐“ˆ–๐“ˆŽ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“‚ก โ€œnbw-n-qn.tโ€ or ๐“‹ž๐“ˆ–๐“Ž›๐“Žฟ๐“Šƒ๐“ โ€œnbw-n-แธฅswtโ€ Gold of Favor - strings of large flat gold beads given by Pharaoh to those who showed bravery in battle or other significant achievements benefiting the realm. This style of necklace with flattened โ€œlentil-shapedโ€ beads was known as ๐“ˆ™๐“ƒ€๐“‡Œ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ ลกbyw โ€œshebiu.โ€

His wig is particularly interesting - shoulder length, blunt cut, with long straight braids angled over layered braids underneath. This style of wig ๐“ˆ–๐“ƒ€๐“…ก๐“„ฟ๐“ธ was popular in several lengths and angled variations during the 18th Dynasty.

He wears a one-shouldered ankle-length linen robe, keeping his right arm with bracelets free and chest bare, another style that was particularly popular during this time period. His feet are bare. His right hand is placed flat on his knee, and in his left hand he holds a single ostrich feathered fan designating his status as ๐“…ท๐“‹ฝ โ€œแนฏ3-แธซwโ€ Fan Bearer.

Granodiorite statue of Men-Tekhenu (whose name means โ€œEnduring Obelisksโ€), 18th Dynasty, reigns of Thutmose III (๐“ ๐“†ฃ๐“‡ณ) & Amenhotep II (๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“‹พ๐“‰บ) ca. 1497-1397 BC. Found at Karnak and now residing in the Neus Museum in Berlin. Photo by me @pyramidprintworks on a visit to @staatlichemuseenzuberlin in 2019.

#egyptology #ancientegypt #egypt #ancientart #fashionhistory #egyptianhistory #historynerd #museumlover #museumphotography #egyptian #hieroglyphs #ancientegyptian #hieroglyphics #egyptologist #egitto #egipto #รคgypten #neuesmuseum #kemet #pyramidprintworks #linen #goldchains #wigstyles #pharaoh #arthistory #egyptianart
    The detail of feathers in this Egyptian Vulture ๐“„ฟ (Neophron percnopterus) is amazing, especially considering it was carved over 4,000 years ago!โ€จโ€จThe word for this bird is the same as the hieroglyph that spells it - ๐“„ฟ โ€œ3โ€ (โ€œahโ€). You can see this hieroglyph everywhere in the monuments and papyri! In addition to their beauty, these birds are very smart and are one of the few birds known to use tools! Ecologically important as scavengers who remove carcasses and control rodent populations, they were so common in the streets and fields of Ancient Egypt that they were referred to as โ€œPharaohโ€™s Chickens.โ€
 
Once abundant throughout much of Northern Africa, the Middle East and Europe, these magnificent birds are now critically endangered. The use of pesticides, poisoning of rodents (and stray dogs!) which they then eat, the loss of rural habitats, murder by farmers, and above-ground electrical lines resulting in accidental electrocution has led to a precipitous decline in their numbers.

A few links to organizations dedicated to saving the Egyptian Vulture from extinction are in first comment below.

๐“„ฟ hieroglyph on the false-door and architrave of Ptahshepses ๐“Šช๐“๐“Ž›๐“€ผ๐“‹ด๐“‹ด๐“€ฝ vizier, overseer of works, and high official of the Fifth Dynasty. Tomb first discovered in 1843 and door was acquired by the British Museum in 1897. The limestone was painted a mottled pink to simulate granite, and the hieroglyphs were painted green.

Main photo by me @pyramidprintworks - Live vulture photo by Stefan Greens, full door @BritishMuseum. Please check out the organizations dedicated to helping save these beautiful and important birds!
#egyptianvulture #redlist #endangeredspecies #neophronpercnopterus #ancientegyptian #egyptian #beautifulbirds #hieroglyphs #egypt #egypte #ancientegypt #conservation #britishmuseum #museumphotography #museumfromhome #hieroglyphics #egitto #egyptology #egyptologist #pyramidprintworks #historynerd #history #ancienthistory #savethebirds
    Sekhmet ๐“Œ‚๐“๐“๐“ด โ€œsแธซm.tโ€ โ€œthe powe Sekhmet ๐“Œ‚๐“๐“๐“ด โ€œsแธซm.tโ€ โ€œthe powerful oneโ€ embodied the violent side of the feline goddess, whose gentler aspect was personified by the cat-goddess Bastet ๐“Žฏ๐“๐“๐“. When humankind was not living in accordance with the principles of Maโ€™at ๐“Œท๐“‚๐“๐“†„๐“œ๐“ช - harmony, truth, justice, and balance - she brought destruction and plague upon the world.

On the other side of her dual nature, she was also referred to as โ€œLady of Healingโ€- a desert sun goddess, healer, and patron of physicians. As a mighty warrior, she was protector of the Pharaoh โ€ฆ and she often holds an Ankh ๐“‹น, symbol of life, in her left hand. How she manifested was determined by the actions of humans, and by how well she was placated. Her worship was intended to pacify her anger, negate her fearsome qualities, and attract her protective healing nature.

This statue was commissioned by Amenhotep III ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Šต๐“‹พ๐“‹†, one of more than 730 statues of the lioness-headed goddess installed at his mortuary temple at Thebes, of which almost 600 have been accounted for. As the Daughter of the sun god Ra๐“‚‹๐“‚๐“œ โ€œrหโ€, she wears the sun disc and royal uraeus on her head. 

Sekhmet in granodiorite, 18th Dynasty ca. 1390-1353 BC and now residing in her own alcove at the @mfaboston . Photo by me @pyramidprintworks at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, 2019. 
#sekhmet #egyptiangoddess #lioness #caturday #egypt #egypte #hieroglyphs #ancientegypt #catgoddess #happycaturday #catsoftheworld #ancientegyptian #egyptian #healtheworld #goddess #egitto #mfaboston #museumoffineartsboston #museumphotography #desertheat #ankh #hieroglyphics #archaeology #historynerd #egyptianmythology #healingpower #maat
    Recently I complimented a friendโ€™s beautiful โ€œ Recently I complimented a friendโ€™s beautiful โ€œAncient Egyptianโ€ hair ๐“Ž›๐“†ฐ๐“ˆ–๐“Šƒ๐“Žก๐“‡Œ๐“๐“Žก๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹ โ€œแธฅnskyt.k nfrโ€ which led to a discussion of hair history, style options & embracing our natural beauty.

Thereโ€™s much discussion possible about hair & hairstyles and how they relate to identity & status in Ancient Egypt - this post is just the simplest of overviews!  Ancient Egypt was a multi-cultural society with people from many ethnic backgrounds, so hair ๐“ฒ๐“ˆ–๐“Œ๐“ฒ๐“ธ โ€œลกnwโ€ ranged from straightish to super curly kinky, in many shades of black, brown, grey & even yellow/blondeโ€ฆ but for the most part hair was curly, very dark brown to blue-black ๐“๐“‹ด๐“ƒ€๐“‚ง๐“ธ๐“ซ 3nแธซsbd, and hair & wigs shown in art is consistently worn long in very tight curls or braided ๐“Ž›๐“†ฐ๐“ˆ–๐“Šƒ๐“Žก๐“ โ€œแธฅnskt.โ€

Certain styles were popular during different times in history, just as styles change now. Women and goddesses were usually depicted with long hair below shoulder-length, while menโ€™s styles were generally shorter. The upper classes often shaved their heads and wore wigs.

A common style for women throughout Egyptian history was tight cascading curls or narrow braids ๐“… ๐“Ž›๐“๐“ธ โ€œgmแธฅt,โ€ shoulder length or longer, twisted into separate strands for a few inches at the bottom, sometimes with added beads.โ€จโ€จYou can see this style in the picture of Mutneferet ๐“…๐“๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹๐“๐“, 18th Dynasty ca. 1294-1279 BC. The same style is seen on Henuttawy ๐“Ž›๐“Žบ๐“๐“‡พ๐“‡พ, also 18th Dynasty ca. 1350 BC. (2) Both their husbandโ€™s hair are worn to the shoulder.

Another common style was about shoulder length, sometimes angled, like the one worn by Nofret ๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹๐“๐“ of the 4th Dynasty about 2600 BC (3), and on the dancers in the famous scene in the 18th Dynasty tomb of Nebamun ๐“ŽŸ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ– ca 1350 BC, which shows several hairstyles (4).

Lastly a real wig from about 1400 BC owned by a woman named Meryt ๐“Œธ๐“‡Œ๐“๐“ who was buried with many hair & grooming accessories. (5)

#egyptianhair #fashionhistory #fabuloushair #hairinspiration #ancientegypt #egypt #hieroglyphs #historynerd #egyptology #egyptian #ancientegyptian #pyramidprintworks #egyptologist #egypte #egito #museumfromhome #hairhistory
    Women in mourning with tears streaming down their Women in mourning with tears streaming down their cheeks and throwing ashes on their heads.

This image expresses the grief of those left behind when someone dies. Last week, @proffittphoto - one of my oldest friends, a woman of great talent, generous heart, and beloved by all who knew her, passed away suddenly.

We met as co-workers and were part of a unique group of women who are still connected with each other, celebrating our friendship and camaraderie over 4 decades later. We had many adventures together!

With talent, skill, and dedication, she became a top food photographer.  Her photos appear literally everywhere - in ads, cookbooks, and on packaging. She was renowned for her impeccable eye, her ability to capture the beauty of food and everyday objects, and for bringing out the extra in the ordinary.

She took the Archaeologist-style photo that graces my website, capturing the aesthetic, philosophy, and detail of my shirts perfectly as she always did.

She loved dogs, especially Bishons. Her beloved pup Lenny was a certified therapy dog and together they visited hospitalized children to spread joy, comfort, and hope. She and Lenny are now together once again.

Her heart will weigh true on the scale of Maโ€™at. She will be missed beyond measure, and remembered forever.  ๐“…“๐“‚ž๐“ฟ๐“ƒน๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ–๐“ฟ๐“‚‹๐“Ž›๐“‡ณ๐“Ž› (๐“ƒญ๐“„ฟ๐“ฒ๐“‚‹๐“‡Œ) ๐“™๐“‹น๐“Šฝ๐“‘๐“Œ€๐“‹ด๐“ˆ–๐“ƒ€๐“†–๐“Ž›๐“‡ณ๐“Ž›

Women mourners detail from the Tomb of Ramose, Vizier during last years of the reign of Amenhotep III and the early years of Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten and Nefertiti, in the village area of Sheikh 'Abd el-Qurna (TT55) across the Nile from Luxor, Photo by KairoInfo4U.  Pyramid Printworks Shirts & food photos by Laurie Proffitt ๐“™๐“‹น.

#rip #alwaysremembered #restinpeace #mourning #beautyinthedetails #friendsforever #artist #hieroglyphics #talent #heart #pyramidprintworks #proffittphoto #tears #maat #kindheart
    Magical scorpion ๐“†ซ necklace at the Petrie Museu Magical scorpion ๐“†ซ necklace at the Petrie Museum.

Scorpions were plentiful in the desert ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“๐“…Ÿ๐“ˆŠ โ€œdลกrtโ€ of Ancient Egypt, and one of the first known hieroglyphs is a representation of a scorpion!  Often drawn or sculpted without the pincers and stinger as a magical ๐“Ž›๐“‚“๐“„ฟ๐“œ โ€œแธฅk3โ€ protective way to remove the arachnidโ€™s power, this amulet ๐“Ž‚๐“Žƒ๐“ค โ€œs3โ€ shows the pincers but not the stinger on the tail.

Serket ๐“Šƒ๐“‚‹๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“ was the goddess who protected against stings and venom from the scorpions and snakes which were everywhere in Egyptโ€ฆ and here in Arizona where I live.  While most scorpion stings produce effects like numbness and pain which are serious but not generally life-threatening, some can cause major issues, particularly in children, the elderly, and those with heart conditions.  Thus the preeminence of the goddess who protected against them!

When we first moved to Arizona, a desert environment very much like Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– โ€œkmtโ€, my biggest concern was the scorpions!  So much so that we shake out the sheets every night before getting in bed and shoes before putting them on.  Springtime is โ€œscorpion seasonโ€ when they become even more active as the temperatures heat up.  They can come into a home through the tiniest cracks in doorways and windows, and Iโ€™ve encountered two in my house in last few weeks!  Perhaps calling on the protective power of the goddess with amulets like this would help keep them away!

Necklace ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“๐“Žบ๐“‹ โ€œwsแธซโ€ of gilt ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ โ€œnbwโ€ scorpion with Carnelian ๐“ท๐“‚‹๐“‹ด๐“๐“ˆ’๐“ซ โ€œแธฅrstโ€ beads and faience ๐“‹ฃ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ธ๐“ผ frog-shaped ๐“ˆŽ๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“† seal-amulets found on a late 18th Dynasty (or early 19th Dynasty) mummy at Gurob, about 1300 BCE.  Photo by me @pyramidprintworks, taken at the Petrie Museum @petriemuseum in London on a visit there in 2019. I totally LOVE the vintage style typed display cards!!

#scorpion #museumphotography #petriemuseum #ancientegypt #egyptologist #egypt #hieroglyphs #scorpions #amazingegypt #desertlife #egypte #agypten #egipto #egitto #hieroglyphics #egyptiangoddess #egyptian #ancientegyptian #egyptology #pyramidprintworks #kemet #museumnerd #museumlover #egyptianmagic #desertliving #scorpionsofinstagram
    Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ ๐“ข accepting offerings o Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ ๐“ข accepting offerings of food and wine from Amenhotep-Huy ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“„‘๐“›๐“‡Œ โ€œฤฑอ—mnแธฅtp แธฅwyโ€, Viceroy of Kush ๐“Žก๐“„ฟ๐“ˆ™๐“ˆ‰ k3ลก (Nubia) during the reign of NebKheperuRe Tutankamun (๐“‡ณ๐“†ฃ๐“ซ๐“ŽŸ ) (๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹น๐“‹พ๐“‰บ๐“‡“).

Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ โ€œAnpu,โ€ god of the afterlife, guardian of Maโ€™at, protector of tombs and guide of the dead, and master of the funeral process and Weighing of the Heart Ceremony is here shown as a jackal-headed human seated on a throne in front of a large table of offerings: bread, beer, wine, meats, fruits, vegetables, and flowers. He holds a was scepter in his right hand and an ankh in his left. He wears a short multi-layered kilt (๐“ˆœ๐“ˆ–๐“†“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹ฏ โ€œshendytโ€), beaded pectoral, beaded broad collar โ€œnbytโ€ ๐“ˆ–๐“ƒ€๐“‡Œ๐“, and a long wig with gold beads.

At the bottom right of the throne is the Sema-Tawy ๐“‹ โ€œsm3-t3wyโ€ symbol of a lung and windpipe ๐“„ฅ knotted by Papyrus ๐“‡… and Lotus ๐“†ธ plants representing the unification of Egypt, here painted in a creamy white on a red background.  The long stems gracefully loop and wind to join in a knot in the middle. The word smA means both โ€œlungโ€ ๐“„ฅ๐“„ฟ๐“„น and โ€œuniteโ€ ๐“„ฅ๐“„ฟ๐“œ (with different determinatives) - hence the use of this hieroglyph in the symbol for the unification of the Two Lands.  Lower Egypt is represented by the Papyrus and Upper Egypt is represented by the Lotus.  The lungs are also a complementary pair of organs on a central support in the human body, which fits the Ancient Egyptian concept of duality and balance.

Wall painting, Tomb of Amenhotep-Huy TT40, near Luxor, 18th Dynasty ca. 1332-1323 BCE. Photo by Kairofinfo4U, Transverse Hall, South Wall, above the lintel of a false door. An excellent description of this tomb can be found on Osirisnet.net.

#anubis #egyptiangods #ancientegypt #egyptologist #egypt #archaeology #tutankhamun #ankh #offerings #ancientegyptian #egyptian #egypte #รคgypten #mythology #ancientart #historynerd #pyramidprintworks #hieroglyphs #lungs #lungcancersurvivor #sematawy #throne #egyptianart #kemet #nubia #amazingegypt #egyptology
    Thoth ๐“…๐“๐“ญ๐“€ญ - the god of writing๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ, scribes ๐“Ÿ๐“€€๐“ช, art, wisdom, science, medicine, and magic, and the moon, was associated with the sacred ibis ๐“…(Threskiornis aethiopica). Thoth was a major Egyptian god and a central figure in the weighing of the heart ceremony, when a person would go before the gods and proclaim their adherence to the principles of Maโ€™at ๐“†„, including truth, honor, justice, balance and harmony.

Thoth was most often depicted as a man ๐“Šƒ๐“€€ โ€œsโ€ with the head of an ibis ๐“…ž (๐“‰”๐“ƒ€๐“… โ€œhbโ€), the bird sacred to him, and due to this association, thousands of ibis birds were sacrificed, mummified, and buried in offering to him, particularly in the Late Period.

This wood, bronze, and gilt Ibis Coffin is a wonderful example of the ibis coffins of the Late Period.  The carving of the head, beak, and eyes is especially detailed and precise.  The actual bird would have been placed in the body of the bird-shaped coffin, although this one is empty.  Photo by me @pyramidprintworks at @egyptianmuseum the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum in San Jose, March 2020 - the last museum I went to before the pandemic took hold.  So looking forward to future museum visits!!

#museumphotography #egyptianmuseum #thoth #ibis #egyptianart #ancientegypt #ancientegyptian #hieroglyphs #egyptology #museumlovers #historynerd #egypt #egypte #hieroglyphics #pyramidprintworks #รคgypten #egitto #egipto #ibisart #mummy #mummies #birdstagram #godsofegypt #egyptologist #maat #museumfromhome
    King Khafre (๐“‡ณ๐“ˆ๐“†‘), fourth Pharaoh of the King Khafre (๐“‡ณ๐“ˆ๐“†‘), fourth Pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty, son of Khufu ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“†‘๐“…ฑ.  Khafre (aka Khafra) was the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza, and is thought by scholars to be the builder of the Sphinx as well.  This fragmentary alabaster face was was discovered in a mound of mud debris at the NE corner of the 6th Dynasty mastaba of Ihy ๐“‡‹๐“Ž›๐“‡Œ, and identified by comparison with other representations of Khafre.  The nose is chipped, the false beard is broken off, and both ears are missing except for the lobe of the right ear. The top of the head is broken off, but a joining fragment survives.

Egyptian alabaster ๐“ฑ๐“Šƒ๐“ŠŒ ลกs โ€œshesโ€(calcium carbonate/calcite, also called travertine) is a beautiful, translucent, soft mineral thatโ€™s easy to carve into intricate shapes, holds paint well, and can be polished to a high sheen.  It was used for vessels, statuary, and architecture throughout Ancient Egyptian history.  A major alabaster mining area was Hatnub ๐“‰—๐“๐“‹ž๐“ˆ‰ แธฅwt-nb, in the Eastern Desert southeast of what was later called Amarna.  Thus, alabaster was also called ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ–๐“‰—๐“๐“‹ž๐“ˆ‰ ฤฑอ—nr n แธฅwt-nbw โ€œstone of Hatnub" or ๐“ฑ๐“Šƒ๐“ŠŒ๐“ƒ‚๐“ˆ—๐“ˆ–๐“‰—๐“๐“‹ž๐“ˆ‰ ลกs wหb n แธฅwt-nb โ€œpure alabaster from Hatnub.โ€

It was common in ancient times to discard debris and broken statuary in pits and empty tomb chambers, although itโ€™s unknown when this piece and the others found with it - including alabaster, limestone and pottery vessels, faience beads, and fragments of other statues, were placed in the tomb.  Found in the mastaba tomb of Ihy ๐“‡‹๐“Ž›๐“‡Œ (G 5330), โ€œroyal chamberlainโ€ and โ€œoverseer of commissionsโ€ of the 6th Dynasty.  Excavated by Lepsius and Reisner in 1914 and now in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston.  Photo 1 by me @pyramidprintworks on a visit in 2019, Photo 2 by Harvard University-Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition Digital Giza Project.

#egyptology #alabaster #ancientegypt #khafre #giza #hieroglyphs #egypt #pharaoh #tomb #gizapyramids #egyptologist #travertine #ancientegyptian #pyramidprintworks #egyptian #hieroglyphics #egypte #agypten #egipt #ancienthistory #quarry #stone #ancientart #pyramid #archaeology #egyptianart #artistsoninstagram #historynerd
    Eye of Horus ๐“…ฑ๐“‘๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‚€ โ€œudjatโ€ - s Eye of Horus  ๐“…ฑ๐“‘๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‚€ โ€œudjatโ€ - symbol of protection, healing, and restoration, with arms offering incense ๐“Šน๐“Œข๐“ˆ–๐“๐“‚‹๐“Šธ โ€œsntrโ€ to Osiris ๐“Šจ๐“น๐“€ญ in this gorgeous painted decoration in the Tomb of Pashedu.

Pashedu ๐“…ฎ๐“„ฟ๐“„ž๐“‚ง๐“ฒ๐“‚ก๐“€€ โ€œp3ลกdwโ€ was an artisan and craftsperson โ€œServant in the Place of Truth,โ€ who lived and worked at the Artistโ€™s Village at Deir el-Medina across the Nile from Luxor during the New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty ca. 1290 BC.  Itโ€™s possible that he worked on this tomb himself, although we donโ€™t know if he was a stonemason, draftsperson, painter, or supervisor.  Photo by KairoInfo4U at Tomb TT3.  This beautifully crafted Eye and other similar ones of the 18th & 19th Dynasties were the inspiration for the version I created for the Pyramid Printworks apparel collectionโ€ฆ because we can all use a little magical protection in our lives!

#eyeofhorus #egyptianmagic #protectionspell #healingenergy #egyptian #ancientegyptian #hieroglyphs #egypt #ancientart #egyptianart #artistsoninstagram #artistlife #historynerd #arthistory #egypt #pyramidprintworks #ancientegypt #egypte #รคgypten #egito #egipto #amulet #healtheworld #incenseburner #protection #ancienthistory #hieroglyphics #egyptology #egyptologist
    On this day of celebrating Love, we visit Pharaoh On this day of celebrating Love, we visit Pharaoh Menkaure (๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“‚“๐“‚“๐“‚“)โ€œmn-k3w-Rหโ€ and his Queen ๐“‡“๐“ˆž๐“ โ€œsw-hm.tโ€ of the 4th Dynasty. The statue is unfinished, so the names and titles were not yet added, and the couple are shown in stylized & idealized formโ€ฆ yet the Pharaohโ€™s individual features are clear and he is easily identified as Menkaure.

Without any identifying inscriptions, we do not really know who the woman is.  She is presumed to be his wife Queen Khamerernebty II (๐“…’๐“ˆ๐“Œธ๐“‚‹๐“‚‹) although she may be one of his other wives, or perhaps his mother or a goddess.  She is portrayed nearly the same height as he, embracing him around the waist, and also slightly striding with left foot forward.  Women were traditionally portrayed in statuary with feet together, so this is an interesting departure and indicates her importance to him and the Kingdom. 

The King wears the Nemes headcloth  ๐“Œฐ๐“ˆ–๐“…“๐“‹ด๐“‹ณ, artificial beard, and traditional tabbed kilt (๐“ˆœ๐“ˆ–๐“†“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹ฏ โ€œshendytโ€) of Kingship in the above-the-knee fashion popular during the Old Kingdom, striding forth with left foot forward in classic male Egyptian pose.  There are still traces of red paint on his face.  The Queen wears a long sheer form-fitting sheath dress, and a long blunt cut wig on which traces of black paint are still extant. Both look forward conveying a sense of vision and purpose.

Old Kingdom, reign of MenKaure ca. 2490โ€“2472 BC. Carved of black greywacke sandstone and considered to be one of the masterworks of Ancient Egyptian sculpture ๐“‚™๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ โ€œแธซntyโ€. Found in a pit at the Menkaura Valley Temple at Giza in 1910 by Egyptologist George Reisner and the Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition and now on display at @mfaboston - photos by me @pyramidprintworks on a visit in 2019.

#pharaoh #egyptianqueen #valentinesday #egypt #egyptian #ancient #ancienthistory #ancientegyptian #ancientegypt #hieroglyphs #egyptology #pyramidprintworks #loveegypt #madeinegypt #hieroglyphics #fashionhistory #egypte #รคgypten #egito #egipto #historynerd #kemet #mfaboston #museumfromhome #museumphotography #museumlover #trueloveneverdies
    Four Scribes on their way to work. Each carries a Four Scribes on their way to work. Each carries a roll of papyrus and a scribal ink palette hanging from a loop of rope ๐“Ÿ. Their names are written in front of or above them: 

 ๐“Ÿ๐“„ค๐“…ฑ๐“‚‹ โ€œsลก nfrwโ€ Scribe Neferu 

๐“Ÿ๐“‰๐“ท๐“ˆ…๐“ƒน๐“ˆ–๐“‡‹ โ€œsลก pr แธฅry-wแธb Wnฤฑอ—โ€ Scribe of the House of Reversion Offerings, Weni

๐“Ÿ๐“ƒ๐“Žก๐“Žก๐“Žก๐“†‘ โ€œsลก แธซnty-k3w-fโ€ Scribe Khenti-Kauef

๐“Ÿ๐“Œข๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ–๐“Œ๐“…ฑ๐“Žก โ€œsลก Snnw-k3โ€ Scribe Senenuka

Neferu is shown with his back to the viewer, an unusual depiction in Egyptian Art, used here to show him writing with his right hand.  Some scholars theorize that this orientation, occasionally used for the first person in a procession, indicates that the figure has already passed the viewer.  In any case, its use here presents him writing with his right hand and carrying his papyrus and palette with his left.

Neferu and Khenti-Kauef carry what appear to be palettes made from a bivalve shell, while Weni and Senenuka are carrying the traditional rectangular palettes.

They wear simple linen kilts (shendyt ๐“ฒ๐“ˆ–๐“‚ง๐“‡Œ๐“๐“‹ณ) just above the knee, with tied belt at the waist, short cut hair or wigs, bare feet, and no other accessories. The original paint is unfortunately gone.

From the Tomb of Nofer, Old Kingdom, 4th Dynasty, reigns of Khufu ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“†‘๐“…ฑ to Khafre ๐“‡ณ๐“ˆ๐“†‘ 2551-2494 BC. Found at Giza Tomb G2110, and acquired by @mfaboston in 1907. Photo by me @pyramidprintworks on a visit to the Museum of Fine Arts Boston.

#ancientegypt #egyptology #egyptianhistory #egypt #arthistory #giza #hieroglyphs #museumfromhome #museumphotography #egypte #รคgypten #egito #mfaboston #historylovers #scribe #ancienthistory #archaeology #pyramidprintworks #hieroglyphics #historynerd #kilts #egitto #papyrus #ancientegypt #ancientegyptian #museumlover #egyptologist
    On Caturday we celebrate lion-headed goddess Sekhm On Caturday we celebrate lion-headed goddess Sekhmet ๐“Œ‚๐“๐“๐“ด โ€œLady of Healing,โ€ โ€œbeloved of Ptah,โ€ protector of the Pharaoh, mighty warrior, desert sun goddess, healer, patron of physiciansโ€ฆ and also bringer of vengeance, destruction and plague. Legend has it that Sekhmet almost obliterated humankind for not living in accordance with the principles of Maโ€™at ๐“Œท๐“‚๐“๐“†„๐“œ๐“ช.

In this frame from the Harris Papyrus, we see Rameses III (๐“‡ณ๐“„Š๐“ฆ๐“ˆ˜๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–) (๐“š๐“„Ÿ๐“Šƒ๐“Šƒ๐“‹พ๐“ˆŽ๐“‰บ) UsermaatRe MeriAmun in front of the Triad of Memphis: Ptah ๐“Šช๐“๐“Ž›๐“ฑ โ€œptแธฅโ€, Sekhmet ๐“Œ‚๐“๐“…“๐“๐“†— โ€œsแธซm.tโ€, and Nefertum ๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹๐“๐“ƒ๐“€ญ โ€œnfr.tm.โ€

Sekhmet wears a red linen sheath dress with a beadnet overdress, a large sun disk encircled by a uraeus ๐“‡ด on her head, and carries a papyrus staff. Both she and Nefertum behind her are wearing ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“๐“Žบ๐“‹ wsแธซ โ€œwesekhโ€ beaded broad collars, ankle, wrist, and upper arm bracelets, carry an ankh ๐“‹น and are barefoot. Nefertum, god of the lotus, is crowned with his lotus symbol ๐“†ธ and ostrich plumes. He also carries a was sceptre ๐“Œ€. Ptah is wrapped like a mummy, with his skullcap and straight divine false beard, and holds a scepter combining ankh ๐“‹น djed ๐“Šฝ and was ๐“Œ€.

The King is depicted in full ceremonial attire, with a sheer linen wrap draping the body and over his shoulder, a stiff pleated linen shendyt ๐“ฒ๐“ˆ–๐“‚ง๐“‡Œ๐“๐“‹ณ with heavy metal and beaded belt and ceremonial โ€œbull-tailโ€ belt hanging behind. He also wears the royal 'nemes' wig cover with uraeus, broad collar, armlets & bracelets. His sandals have a long pointed curve in front.

These wonderful ink on papyrus renditions of the King and gods were created during the reign of Rameses IV, 20th Dynasty, describing the accomplishments of his predecessor Ramesses III (1184-1153 BC). Acquired by the British Museum in 1872, photo by @britishmuseum - not currently on display.

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